Bertrand Gruss is a deputy division chief in the Research Department of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) where he works on the World Economic Outlook. Prior to that, he worked in the African, European, Fiscal Affairs, and Western Hemisphere Departments of the IMF, and at the Central Bank of Uruguay. His research interests include monetary policy, commodity prices, macro financial linkages, and capital flows. He holds a Ph.D. in Economics from the European University Institute.